Case report: Rare case of a preoperatively diagnosed spermatic cord paraganglioma and literature review.

Paraganglioma (PGL) is rare, and PGL that arises from the urogenital system is even rarer. Here we report a case of PGL in spermatic cord and review the relevant literatures. We encountered a 15-year-old boy with a history of hypertension for almost 2 years, accompanied with headache and palpitations. His serum and urine catecholamines were elevated, but no adrenal lesions were detected, suggesting the existence of PGL. Upon physical examination, a painless nodule adherent to the spermatic cord in the right scrotum was found. A systemic Ga68 DOTATATE PET-CT was then performed, and it revealed a mass with high DOTATATE uptake in the right scrotum. The CT, MRI, and ultrasound images showed the abundant blood supply to the tumor. Based on the above-mentioned imaging and biochemical information, a diagnosis of PGL was made prior to surgery. After 2 weeks of preparation with Cardura, an open surgery was performed to remove the tumor together with the right testis and right epididymis. The blood pressure increased to 180/100 mmHg when the tumor was touched intraoperatively and decreased to 90/55 mmHg after the tumor was removed. Post-operative pathology confirmed our diagnosis of PGL originating from the spermatic cord. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining showed SDHB (+), CgA (+), synaptophysin (+), GATA3 (+), CD56 (+), sertoli cells S-100 (+), and Ki67 (5%). Genetic testing revealed a missense mutation in the SDHA gene. Only 16 cases of spermatic cord PGL have been reported to date. Although it is easy to diagnose by histology and IHC examinations, preoperative diagnosis is quite important as it can actually reduce intraoperative complications.

HIF1A transcriptional regulation of COX4I2 impacts angiogenesis in pheochromocytoma.

BACKGROUND: Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. Angiogenesis is primary contributing factor for tumorigenesis. Cytochrome c oxidase 4I2 (COX4I2) has been confirmed to take part in the progression of cancer. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1A) is the main regulatory factor for the steady-state response of hypoxia, involved in metabolism and angiogenesis. In this study, we intended to explore the functions of COX4I2 in PCC and the effect mechanism between HIF1A and COX4I2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry tested COX4I2 expression in highly vascular PCC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to reduce the mRNA expression of COX4I2, and a small molecule inhibitor was utilized to reduce the protein expression of HIF1A. Culturing cells in 1% O2environment was performed to activate HIF1A. Western blot was applied to quantify the expression of target genes at the protein levels. The supernatant from PCC cells and fibroblasts acted as the conditioned medium. We conducted the tube formation and transwell assays in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) to determine angiogenesis, the binding of COX4I2 promoter and HIF1A was evaluated by the dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: COX4I2 had been rigorously shown to be overexpressed in highly vascular PCC. Knockdown of COX4I2 in PCC cells (MPC) did not significantly impact angiogenesis, while knockdown of COX4I2 in fibroblast (3T3) notably inhibited angiogenesis. RNA sequencing suggested that the expression of 11 vascular markers, such as CD34 and angiogenesis associated pathways in 3T3, decreased with knockdown of COX4I2. HIF1A had been shown to enhance the mRNA expression of COX4I2 through transcriptional regulation. Activation and inhibition of HIF1A resulted in upregulation and downregulation of COX4I2, respectively. The HIF1A inhibitor demonstrated a reduction in angiogenesis. CONCLUSION: COX4I2 is overexpressed in highly vascular PCC and contributes to angiogenesis in fibroblasts. Mechanistically, HIF1A transcriptional regulation enhances COX4I2 and its effects on angiogenesis in PCC. COX4I2 might serve as a vascular marker and represent a potential target for vascular therapy.

Forkhead box F1 functions as a novel prognostic biomarker and induces caspase­dependent apoptosis in bladder cancer.

The downregulated expression of forkhead box F1 (FOXF1) has been found in many malignant tumors but no research was done in bladder cancer (BC). The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic value and antitumor effects of FOXF1 in patients with BC. Herein, a retrospectively recruited BC cohort and public datasets were utilized to identify the predictive ability of FOXF1 and determine its association with the clinical characteristics of BC patients. It was found that the expression level of FOXF1 was notably lower in BC tissues than in para­cancerous mucosae. Low FOXF1 expression was associated with unfavorable clinicopathological features and poor prognosis. Furthermore, in BC cells, the mRNA and protein expression levels of FOXF1 were examined using reverse transcription­quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Cell viability was examined using Cell Counting Kit­8, EdU and clonogenic capacity assays. Cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The results revealed that the activation of FOXF1 impaired cell viability and induced apoptosis in BC. The antitumor effects of FOXF1 were also validated using animal models. Subsequently, caspase­3 was spotted as a downstream gene of FOXF1 by using RNA sequencing and protein­protein interaction analyses. FOXF1 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of BC cells via caspase signaling pathway. The present study demonstrates the expression patterns, prognostic predictive ability and antitumor effects of FOXF1 in BC. FOXF1 is a favorable biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with BC and represents a potential therapeutic target.

MicroRNA-30c-5p arrests bladder cancer G2/M phase and suppresses its progression by targeting PRC1-mediated blocking of CDK1/Cyclin B1 axis.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in cancer development and progression, the dis-regulation of miR-30c-5p has been observed in various malignant tumors but no research was done in bladder cancer (BCa). This study aims to investigate the downregulation of miR-30c-5p in BCa, and examine its mechanism and prognostic significance. METHODS: Bioinformatics analyses and clinical specimens were employed to investigate the relationship between miR-30c-5p and clinical information in BCa patients. The expression levels of miR-30c-5p and its target gene were assessed by real-time PCR and western blot. Cell viability was evaluated through clonogenic capacity, CCK-8, and EdU assays. Cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. The anti-tumor effect of miR-30c-5p was also validated in animal models. RESULTS: The expression levels of miR-30c-5p were significantly decreased in both bladder tumor tissue and BCa cell lines. Low miR-30c-5p expression was found to be correlated with unfavorable TNM stages and poor prognosis. Over-expressing miR-30c-5p was observed to hinder BCa cell growth, migration, and invasion abilities and causing cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, miR-30c-5p directly binds and suppresses PRC1, thereby blocking the CDK1/Cyclin B1 axis in BCa, thus impairing BCa cell viability and inducing cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. CONCLUSION: Down-regulated miR-30c-5p promotes BCa through its target gene PRC1, miR-30c-5p is a favorable biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes in BCa patients and has the potential to be a therapeutic target.

Identification and validation of a novel prognostic model based on platinum resistance-related genes in bladder cancer

ABSTRACT Background: The depth of response to platinum in urothelial neoplasm tissues varies greatly. Biomarkers that have practical value in prognosis stratification are increasingly needed. Our study aimed to select a set of BC (bladder cancer)-related genes involved in both platinum resistance and survival, then use these genes to establish the prognostic model. Materials and Methods: Platinum resistance-related DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and tumorigenesis-related DEGs were identified. Ten most predictive co-DEGs were acquired followed by building a risk score model. Survival analysis and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) plot were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy. Combined with age and tumor stages, a nomogram was generated to create a graphical representation of survival rates at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-year in BC patients. The prognostic performance was validated in three independent BC datasets with platinum-based chemotherapy. The potential mechanism was explored by enrichment analysis. Results: PPP2R2B, TSPAN7, ATAD3C, SYT15, SAPCD1, AKR1B1, TCHH, AKAP12, AGLN3, and IGF2 were selected for our prognostic model. Patients in high- and low-risk groups exhibited a significant survival difference with HR (hazard ratio) = 2.7 (p < 0.0001). The prognostic nomogram of predicting 3-year OS (overall survival) for BC patients could yield an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.819. In the external validation dataset, the risk score also has a robust predictive ability. Conclusion: A prognostic model derived from platinum resistance-related genes was constructed, we confirmed its value in predicting platinum-based chemotherapy benefits and overall survival for BC patients. The model might assist in therapeutic decisions for bladder malignancy.

Identification and validation of a novel prognostic model based on platinum Resistance-related genes in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The depth of response to platinum in urothelial neoplasm tissues varies greatly. Biomarkers that have practical value in prognosis stratification are increasingly needed. Our study aimed to select a set of BC (bladder cancer)-related genes involved in both platinum resistance and survival, then use these genes to establish the prognostic model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Platinum resistance-related DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and tumorigenesis-related DEGs were identified. Ten most predictive co-DEGs were acquired followed by building a risk score model. Survival analysis and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) plot were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy. Combined with age and tumor stages, a nomogram was generated to create a graphical representation of survival rates at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-year in BC patients. The prognostic performance was validated in three independent BC datasets with platinum-based chemotherapy. The potential mechanism was explored by enrichment analysis. RESULTS: PPP2R2B, TSPAN7, ATAD3C, SYT15, SAPCD1, AKR1B1, TCHH, AKAP12, AGLN3, and IGF2 were selected for our prognostic model. Patients in high- and low-risk groups exhibited a significant survival difference with HR (hazard ratio) = 2.7 (p < 0.0001). The prognostic nomogram of predicting 3-year OS (overall survival) for BC patients could yield an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.819. In the external validation dataset, the risk score also has a robust predictive ability. CONCLUSION: A prognostic model derived from platinum resistance-related genes was constructed, we confirmed its value in predicting platinum-based chemotherapy benefits and overall survival for BC patients. The model might assist in therapeutic decisions for bladder malignancy.

High TNFSF13B expression as a predictor of poor prognosis in adrenocortical carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an extremely rare malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Existing treatment options have limited effects, and new therapeutic targets urgently need to be discovered. TNFSF13B has been reported to be associated with the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, but it has not been studied in ACC. METHODS: TNFSF13B expression was analyzed and compared between ACC tumors and normal tissues by using public datasets from TCGA and GTEx. Kaplan-Meier analysis was employed to evaluate survival, and Cox regression was employed to evaluate clinicopathologic features. The upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms of TNFSF13B were also analyzed. GSEA was performed to explore the mechanisms of TNFSF13B in ACC. Finally, 14 ACC clinical samples were used to verify the relationships between TNFSF13B expression and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: TNFSF13B expression was significantly higher in ACC tissues than in normal tissues. The prognosis of ACC patients with high TNFSF13B expression was worse than that of patients with low TNFSF13B expression. High TNFSF13B expression was strongly correlated with poor prognosis, and TNFSF13B was a prognostic factor. TNFSF13B expression is modified by upstream miRNAs, methylation and ubiquitination, and downstream, it interacts with other proteins. GSEA showed that regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP and SREBF, downstream signaling events of the B cell receptor (BCR) and activation of gene expression by SREBF and SREBP were significantly enriched in the TNFSF13B high-expression phenotype. Clinical samples confirmed that TNFSF13B expression was significantly associated with DFS but not with OS. CONCLUSIONS: TNFSF13B may be a potential prognostic molecular marker of poor survival in ACC patients, offering a new therapeutic target.

Case Report: Rare Case of Synchronous Neck Metastasis From Metachronous Bilateral Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignant tumor that can metastasize easily. Hence, many patients have already developed metastasis when they are diagnosed. It is also one of the most common tumors that metastasize to the head and neck through extranodal disease. Herein, we reported a case of a 53-year-old man with cervical metastasis from bilateral RCC. Interestingly, whole exome sequencing (WES) and clonal evolution analysis revealed that bilateral renal tumor lesions and neck metastases (squamous cell carcinoma) share the same subclones and a large number of gene variants, while the pathological morphology is different (left nephrotic foci, a mixed pattern of mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC) with papillary adenoma; right renal foci, papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC)). This was first reported in RCCs to the best of our knowledge. This case suggests that genotype analysis can be a powerful supplementary examination for clinical histopathological diagnosis. Gene detection has great significance for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of RCC metastasis or multiple lesions.

A circular RNA, circSMARCA5, inhibits prostate cancer proliferative, migrative, and invasive capabilities via the miR-181b-5p/miR-17-3p-TIMP3 axis.

SMARCA5 (circSMARCA5) is involved in the occurrence of different cancers, but its role in prostate cancer carcinogenesis and metastatic transformation remains elusive. Thus, we evaluated the circSMARCA5 functional relevance in prostate cancer and its associated molecular mechanism. First, circSMARCA5 expression and function in this cancer were evaluated. To determine the miR-181b-5p/miR-17-3p target and clarify how circSMARCA5 regulates the miR-181b-5p-TIMP3 and miR-17-3p-TIMP3 axis, RNA immunoprecipitation, biotin-coupled microRNA capture, luciferase reporter, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR assays were employed. In primary and metastatic prostate cancer tissues, circSMARCA5 was significantly downregulated compared with normal controls. Functionally, circSMARCA5 exhibited a suppressive effect on prostate cancer cells' metastasis and growth. At the molecular level, circSMARCA5 could affect the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) expression through miR-181b-5p or miR-17-3p interactions. Moreover, lysine acetyltransferase 5 (KAT5) induced circSMARCA5 biogenesis and regulated the miR-181b-5p-TIMP3 and miR-17-3p-TIMP3 axis. These results suggested that targeting circSMARCA5-miR-181b-5p-TIMP3 and circSMARCA5-miR-17-3p-TIMP3 axis might be a novel therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.

Tumor suppressing effects of tristetraprolin and its small double-stranded RNAs in bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common malignant tumor of urinary system with few treatments, so more useful therapeutic targets are still needed. Antitumor effects of tristetraprolin (TTP) have been explored in many type tumors, but its roles in bladder cancer are still unknown until now. In this study, public expression profiles and tissue microarray analysis showed that TTP mRNA and protein levels decreased in BCa relative to the normal bladder tissue. To explore biological functions of TTP in BCa, 488 TTP target genes, which could be both suppressed and bound by TTP, were identified by comprehensively analyzing publicly available high-throughput data obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Gene enrichment analysis showed that these genes were enriched in pathways such as cell cycle, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and Wnt signaling. Clustering analysis and gene set variation analysis indicated that patients with high expression of TTP target genes had poorer prognosis and stronger tumor proliferation ability relative to the BCa patients with low expression of TTP target genes. In vitro experiments validated that TTP could suppress proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of BCa cells. And TTP could suppress mRNA expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in BCa cells by target its 3' UTR. Then, we identified a new small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) named dsTTP-973 which could increase TTP expression in BCa cells, in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that dsTTP-973 could suppress aggressiveness of BCa. In conclusion, TTP played a role of tumor suppressor gene in BCa like other tumors, and its dsRNA named dsTTP-973 could induce TTP expression in BCa and suppress aggressiveness of BCa. With the help of materials science, dsTTP-973 may become a potential treatment for BCa in the future.

Surgical outcomes of a randomized controlled trial compared robotic versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.

BACKGROUND: Robotic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is increasingly popular because of the advantage that have been proved by some researchers recently. However, prospective randomized clinical trials comparing robotic assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy (RA) with traditional laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for pheochromocytoma are rare. The aim of this study is to compare perioperative outcomes of RA versus LA for pheochromocytoma prospectively. METHODS: From March 2016 to April 2019, all patients with pheochromocytoma suitable for laparoscopic adrenalectomy were assigned randomly to RA or LA. The primary endpoint was the operative (exclude docking time) time. Secondary endpoints were estimated blood loss and postoperative recovery. Demographics and perioperative data were prospectively collected. RESULTS: A total of 140 (RA 70, LA 70) patients were enrolled in this prospective research. The following significant differences were identified in favor of RA: shorter median operative (exclude docking time) time (92.5 vs 122.5 min, P = 0.007), however, RA group has higher total hospitalization cost (8869.9 vs 4721.8 $, P < 0.001). Demographics and other perioperative outcomes were similar in both groups. The RA group showed a significant lower blood loss and operative (exclude docking time) time compared with LA group (P < 0.05) for patients with high Nor-Metanephrine (NMN). CONCLUSIONS: Both RA and LA for pheochromocytoma are safe and effective. Patients with high NMN can benefit from less blood loss and operative time when a robotic surgery system was used, but RA has a significant higher cost.

An immune relevant signature for predicting prognoses and immunotherapeutic responses in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are novel treatments that significantly improve the survival time of MIBC patients, but immunotherapeutic responses are different among MIBC patients. Therefore, it is urgent to find predictive biomarkers that can accurately identify MIBC patients who are sensitive to ICIs. In this study, we computed the relative abundances of 24 immune cells based on the expression profiles of MIBC patients using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Unsupervised clustering analysis of the 24 immune cells was performed to classify MIBC patients into different immune-infiltrating groups. Genome (gene mutation and copy number variation), transcriptome (mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA), and functional enrichment were found to be heterogeneous among different immune-infiltrating groups. We identified 282 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with immune infiltration by comparing the expression profiles of patients with different immune infiltration profiles, and 20 core prognostic DEGs were identified by univariate Cox regression analysis. An immune-relevant gene signature (TIM signature) consisting of nine key prognostic DEGs (CCDC80, CD3D, CIITA, FN1, GBP4, GNLY, SPINK1, UBD, and VIM) was constructed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and subgroup analysis confirmed that the TIM signature was an ideal biomarker for predicting the prognosis of MIBC patients. Its value in predicting immunotherapeutic responses was also validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort (AUC = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.63-0.74) and the IMvigor210 cohort (AUC = 0.64, 95% = 0.55-0.74). The TIM signature demonstrates a powerful ability to distinguish MIBC patients with different prognoses and immunotherapeutic responses, but more prospective studies are needed to assess its reliability in the future.

A nomogram based on 9-lncRNAs signature for improving prognostic prediction of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal expressions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are very common in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and some of these have been reported to be highly correlated with prognosis of ccRCC patients. METHODS: "edgeR" AND "DEseq" R packages were used to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and tumor tissues of ccRCC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Univariable Cox survival analysis, robust likelihood-based survival model and multivariable Cox regression analysis were used to identify prognostic lncRNAs and construct lncRNAs signature. Finally, a graphic nomogram based on the lncRNAs signature was developed to predict 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probability of ccRCC patients by using rms R package. RESULTS: 8413 DEGs including 2740 lncRNAs and 4530 mRNAs were identified between normal and tumor tissues. 395 lncRNAs were found to be associated with prognosis of ccRCC patients (P < 0.05). Among these 395 prognostic lncRNAs, 9 key prognostic lncRNAs (RP13-463N16.6, CTD-2201E18.5, RP11-430G17.3, AC005785.2, RP11-2E11.9, TFAP2A-AS1, RP11-133F8.2, RP11-297L17.2 and RP11-348J24.2) were identified by using robust likelihood-based survival model. A 9-lncRNAs signature was constructed by using estimated regression coefficients of the 9 key prognostic lncRNAs. Results of χ2-test or Fisher's exact test indicated that the 9-lncRNAs signature was significantly associated with clinicopathological characteristics such as tumor grade, T stage, N stage, M stage, TNM stage and survival outcome of ccRCC patients. Multivariate analysis showed that the 9-lncRNAs signature, age and M stage were independent prognostic factors. Finally, a graphic nomogram based on the lncRNAs signature, age and M stage was developed to predict 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probability of ccRCC patients by using rms R package. CONCLUSIONS: A 9-lncRNAs signature associated with prognosis of ccRCC patients was constructed and a promising prognostic nomogram based on the 9-lncRNAs signature was developed for 1-, 3- and 5-year OS prediction of ccRCC patients in this study.

Apogossypolone acts as a metastasis inhibitor via up-regulation of E-cadherin dependent on the GSK-3/AKT complex.

Malignant pheochromocytoma is exactly diagnosed only upon the occurrence of metastatic foci. At that point, however, patients are less likely to experience many benefits from traditional chemotherapy. Therefore, a strategy worthy of consideration is inhibition or delay of metastasis with drugs. Recently, numerous studies have indicated that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in malignant pheochromocytoma, where there is over-expression of metastatic promoting genes and low expression of metastatic suppressor genes. In previous research, we confirmed that apogossypolone (ApoG2) could effectively inhibit tumor movement capabilities, but potential mechanisms for the inhibition were unknown. Here, we initially corroborated that ApoG2 could induce GSK-3/AKT complex formation to down-regulate phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Subsequently, ApoG2 inhibited cell mobilities via promotion of E-cadherin and ß-catenin translocation from cytoplasm to membrane dependent on down-regulate of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Unexpectedly, ApoG2 seemed to promote tumor progression, instead of suppression when there were circulating tumor cells in vivo. Our results indicated that ApoG2 might be an effective target agent early in the disease rather than at the advanced stage where there are a majority of circulating tumor cells. Those cells rely on the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) process to anchor to distant new sites. Hence, the so-called anti-tumor drugs with inhibition of migration and invasion should be carefully distinguished as to whether they are involved in EMT and MET processes or not. Most importantly, we identified that GSK-3 is not only a downstream effector but also an upstream regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

HSP70 inhibitor VER155008 suppresses pheochromocytoma cell and xenograft growth by inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways.

According to the most recent World Health Organization classification, all pheochromocytomas have metastatic potential. Up until now there has been an absence of effective therapeutic methods to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, especially in metastatic foci. Therefore, the discovery of new and effective drugs is urgently needed. Because overexpression of HSP70 frequently occurs in a variety of tumor tissues, VER155008, a new inhibitor targeting HSP70, has shown an anti-tumor effect through inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways, both of which are closely connected with pheochromocytoma proliferation, migration, and biologic behaviors. In our research, we reveal that VER155008 can reduce proliferation of the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and induce apoptosis at a relatively low dose. Most importantly, VER155008 can effectively suppress cell migration and invasion. Subsequently, drug-effect mechanisms of VER155008 were further detected by western blot, and we found that VER155008 exhibited an anti-tumor effect through down-regulating phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Finally, the above phenomena were further confirmed in a mouse model in vivo, and the results showed that the drug significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth. In summary, VER155008 is a potential and promising effective drug for treating patients with pheochromocytoma, and furthermore, it could delay/inhibit tumor metastasis.

MicroRNA-3619-5p suppresses bladder carcinoma progression by directly targeting ß-catenin and CDK2 and activating p21.

Current studies indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) are widely decreased in various tumors and function as tumor suppressors by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. The potential application of using miRNAs to predict therapeutic responses to multiple types of cancer treatment holds high promise. In current study, we demonstrate that miR-3619-5p is downregulated in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues and cells. Exogenous overexpression of miR-3619-5p in BCa cells inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, a nude mouse xenograft model shows that miR-3619-5p inhibits BCa cell growth. We also demonstrate that miR-3619-5p leads to the activation of p21 by targeting its promoter in BCa cells. Enforced miR-3619-5p expression consistently leads to the downregulation of ß-catenin and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) through predicted binding sites within the ß-catenin and CDK2 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs), respectively. Moreover, ß-catenin and CDK2 knockdown is able to mimic BCa cells growth and metastasis effects induced by overexpressing miR-3619-5p. We further confirm that miR-3619-5p inhibits Wnt-ß-catenin signal pathway and EMT progression in BCa cells. We also found that miR-3619-5p-induced growth arrest and metastasis inhibition are p21-dependent in BCa cells. Taken together, these results confirm that miR-3619-5p plays a tumor suppressive role in BCa by interfering with cell growth and metastasis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in BCa treatment.

Upregulation of E­cadherin expression mediated by a novel dsRNA suppresses the growth and metastasis of bladder cancer cells by inhibiting ß-catenin/TCF target genes.

Low expression levels of E­cadherin are correlated with poor prognosis in patients with bladder cancer (BCa). A small activating RNA (saRNA) targeting a specific promoter region can activate gene expression. In the present study, two small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting the promoter region of human E­cadherin were designed and synthesized, and the regulatory role of saRNAs in E­cadherin expression was investigated. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that transfection of dsEcad­346 into the BCa cell lines T24 and 5637 significantly activated E­cadherin expression. Furthermore, transfection of dsEcad­346 and miR­373 induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, promoted apoptosis and significantly inhibited migration and invasion of BCa cells. Results of immunofluorescence and western blotting indicated that ß-catenin was redistributed from the nucleus to the cell membrane following transfection of dsEcad­346 and miR­373. Additionally, the expression of ß-catenin/T-cell factor complex (TCF) target genes (c­MYC, matrix metallopeptidase 2, cyclin D1) was suppressed following transfection of BCa cells with saRNA. Silencing of E­cadherin expression blocked the inhibitory effect of dsEcad­346 and miR­373 on BCa cells. In conclusion, a novel designed dsEcad­346 can activate the expression of E­cadherin in BCa cells. saRNA-mediated activation of E­cadherin expression inhibited the growth and metastasis of BCa cells by promoting the redistribution of ß-catenin from nucleus to cell membrane and inhibiting the ß-catenin/TCF target genes.

Tip60 is associated with resistance to X-ray irradiation in prostate cancer.

Tip60, an oncogene, accelerates cell growth by regulating androgen receptor translocation into the nucleus in prostate cancer. However, the mechanism of Tip60 in the response of prostate cancer to radiotherapy, and radioresistance, has not been studied. Using human prostate cancer samples and two human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and DU145), Tip60 protein expression and the acetylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutant (ATM) were analysed by western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Tip60 was downregulated with small interfering RNA. Cells were irradiated using X-rays at 0.25 Gy·min-1. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. The expression of Tip60 protein was increased in radioresistant prostate cancer tissues in comparison with radiosensitive tissues, which was also confirmed in both irradiated DU145 and LNCaP cells. Furthermore, the acetylation of ATM was also upregulated in a time-dependent manner after irradiation of both DU145 and LNCaP cells. Additionally, depletion of Tip60 decreased the survival of LNCaP and DU145 cells by inducing apoptosis, reduced the acetylation of ATM and decreased the expression of phosphorylated ATM, Chk2 and cdc25A in both DU145 and LNCaP cells after X-ray irradiation. The results of this study demonstrated that the expression of Tip60 may be related to the radioresistance of prostate cancer and could serve as a promising predictive factor for prostate cancer patients receiving radiotherapy.

Up-regulation of E-cadherin by saRNA inhibits the migration and invasion of renal carcinoma cells.

Previous studies have reported that double stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) have a potent ability to induce gene expression by targeting its promoter in cancer cells, which is called RNA activation (RNAa). In the present study, we have identified that a candidate dsRNA (dsEcad-215) could stimulate E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression via RNAa in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Because the expression level of E-cadherin was down-regulated in RCC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues, dsEcad-215 was subsequently transfected into the RCC cell lines ACHN and 786-O. Expectedly, our results indicated that transfection of dsEcad-215 readily inhibited cell migration and invasion. In addition, several critical EMT-promoting genes (ZEB-1 and Vimentin) were down-regulated, while the anti-EMT gene ß-catenin was up-regulated both at the mRNA and protein levels after dsEcad-215 transfection, suggesting that an enhanced E-cadherin level by dsEcad-215 suppressed EMT to inhibit cell motility. Collectively, our findings provide a potential effective therapeutic strategy for RCC, and dsEcad-215 might act as an alternative anti-cancer metastasis drug.

Enhancing E-cadherin expression via promoter-targeted miR-373 suppresses bladder cancer cells growth and metastasis.

Previous studies showed that miR-373 had the capacity to induce tumor suppressor gene E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer cells. However, whether miR-373 can activate the expression of E-cadherin in human bladder cancer (BCa) cells and inhibit cells remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that both miR-373 and E-cadherin were low expressed in BCa tissues and cell lines, and significantly correlated with tumor stage, grade, and lymph node metastasis. In addition, decreased E-cadherin expression or low expression of both miR-373 and E-cadherin is associated with poor overall survival in patients with BCa. Transfection of miR-373 into BCa cells readily activated E-cadherin expression by targeting promoter. Moreover, miR-373 exhibited robust capacity to inhibit cells proliferation, suppress migration and invasion by enhancing E-cadherin expression, and significantly suppress the growth of xenografts and metastasis in nude mice. Altogether, our findings indicate that miR-373 may as a tumor suppressor in BCa by activating E-cadherin expression.